Erlik: The God of Death and the Underworld in Turkic Mythology
Erlik, also known as Erlik Khan, is the god of death, the underworld, and darkness in Turkic and Mongolic mythology. Often shown as a strong, terrifying god controlling the land of the dead, Erlik contrasts with the sky god Tengri in cosmology and is therefore very important. His mythology explores moral issues, dualism, and the harmony between life and death.
The Origins and Mythological Role of Erlik Khan
Erlik’s mythology originates from ancient Turkic and Mongolic belief systems, where he is regarded as the first creation of the celestial god Tengri. However, due to his arrogance and defiance, he was cast into the underworld, becoming the ruler of the dead. As the deity of darkness, he governs spirits, punishes sinners, and challenges the order established by Tengri.
Erlik’s Role in Creation Myths
In many Turkic myths, Erlik is depicted as an active participant in the creation of the world. According to legend, Tengri ordered him to assist in shaping the earth, but Erlik’s corrupt influence tainted the purity of creation. His desire for power led to his banishment to the underworld, where he reigns over souls who failed to live righteous lives.
Erlik’s Attributes and Depictions
Appearance
Erlik is often described as a menacing figure with:
- A dark, terrifying face
- A long, thick mustache
- Horns and fangs
- A staff or club symbolizes his dominion over the dead
Symbols and Associations
Erlik is closely associated with:
- The underworld (Tamag or Tamu): A dark and cold realm where the souls of the sinful are punished
- Iron: A material linked to his power, often used in rituals to ward off his influence
- Dogs and wolves: Creatures that serve as his messengers or guardians of the underworld
Erlik’s Role in the Afterlife
Erlik rules the departed spirits, deciding their fate depending on their earthly activities. Those who lived immorally are sent to his realm, where they endure various forms of suffering. In some traditions, he is also responsible for sending plagues and misfortunes upon humanity.
The Journey of Souls
In Turkic shamanistic traditions, the journey of the soul after death is guided by spirits. Shamans often perform rituals to ensure a soul reaches Tengri’s sky realm instead of falling into Erlik’s underworld. Some myths suggest that a shaman can negotiate with Erlik to release a soul, but only under strict conditions.
Erlik in Mongolic Beliefs
Erlik is occasionally combined in Mongolic mythology with Erlig Khan, a god with comparable traits. Mongolian legends describe him as a ruler of the dead who challenges the celestial gods. His portrayal often emphasizes his opposition to righteous deities and his role as a cosmic adversary.
Erlik’s Influence on Modern Culture
Though trust in Erlik has dropped as Islam and Buddhism have expanded across Central Asia, traces of his mythology still abound in folkloric customs and shamanistic rites. In some regions, his name is still invoked in rituals related to death, misfortune, and protection against malevolent spirits.
Conclusion
In Turkic and Mongol mythology Erlik is still a major player. His mythology symbolizes death, darkness, and the consequences of moral failings. It highlights the dualistic nature of existence, where forces of light and darkness maintain cosmic balance.